Cannabis, derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide. Understanding its effects on brain function is crucial as its consumption becomes increasingly prevalent. This comprehensive review aims to explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cannabis-induced alterations in brain activity, focusing on the specific brain regions involved. By synthesizing findings from various neuroimaging and clinical studies, we provide an overview of the acute and long-term effects of cannabis on brain function and the specific brain regions implicated in these effects.
The human brain is a complex organ responsible for various cognitive, emotional, and physiological processes. Understanding the functional changes induced by cannabis use is essential for comprehending its impact on brain health and overall well-being. This review seeks to elucidate the brain regions involved in cannabis-induced effects and shed light on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the effects of cannabis on brain function, utilizing techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG), were included. The selected studies covered both acute and chronic cannabis use and encompassed diverse populations and cannabis products.
Acute cannabis use has been associated with alterations in various brain regions involved in cognition, emotion, and reward processing. The primary psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), interacts with cannabinoid receptors (CB1) distributed throughout the brain. Activation of CB1 receptors affects neurotransmitter release, leading to changes in neuronal activity. The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia have been identified as key regions modulated by acute cannabis use. These alterations can result in impaired memory and attention, altered emotional processing, and changes in reward perception.
Regarding chronic cannabis use, studies have reported structural and functional adaptations in the brain. Prolonged exposure to THC has been associated with alterations in gray matter volume, particularly in regions rich in cannabinoid receptors. The endocannabinoid system, consisting of endogenous cannabinoids and their receptors, plays a crucial role in regulating brain homeostasis and synaptic plasticity. Chronic cannabis use can disrupt this delicate balance, potentially affecting cognitive function, emotion regulation, and addiction vulnerability.
Cannabis use significantly impacts brain function, both acutely and chronically. The regions involved in the acute effects of cannabis include the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia, which are crucial for cognitive, emotional, and reward processes. Chronic cannabis use is associated with structural and functional adaptations in the brain, potentially influencing long-term cognition, emotion, and addiction-related outcomes. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying these effects and to differentiate between the consequences of THC and other cannabinoids present in cannabis. Such knowledge is paramount for developing targeted interventions and understanding the potential risks and benefits associated with cannabis use.
